`||l'(t)|| = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2 + 0^2) = 5`
diff --git a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-15.6.html b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-15.6.html
index ddd1752..103353a 100644
--- a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-15.6.html
+++ b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-15.6.html
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
This leaves the z direction. To find that, we first need to find the first moment in z: `int_{-2}^{2} int_{-sqrt(4 - x^2)}^{sqrt(4 - x^2)} int_{0}^{4-x^2-y^2} 2z dz dy dx`.
I categorically refuse to do this in Cartesian. For those who are interested, the integral in cylindrical coordinates is just `int_{0}^{2pi} int_{0}^{2} int_{0}^{4-r^2} 2zr dz dr d theta`,
which is a lot easier to evaluate. We'll see more discussion of this problem in the post on 15.7, but for now, just believe me when I say that it evaluates to 67.0206. Dividing
- `frac {67.0206} {50.2655}` gives us a fairly nice number: `frac {4} {3}`. So our center-of-mass is `[0, 0, frac {4} {3}]`. Nice!
+ `frac {67.0206} {50.2655}` gives us a fairly nice number: `frac {4} {3}`. So our center-of-mass is `\[0, 0, frac {4} {3}]`. Nice!
The next thing to talk about is moment of inertia. This is actually a physics concept, but it's an interesting illustration of another property of triple integrals.
diff --git a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.1.html b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.1.html
index f43904b..5728df9 100644
--- a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.1.html
+++ b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.1.html
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
Another example is to find the mass of a circular arc in the first quadrant, with radius 2 and density `x^2 + y^2`. Remember that the parameterization of
- a circle is `vec c(t) = [rcos(t), rsin(t)]`, and the radial span of the first quadrant is from `0` to `frac pi 2`. Thus, `vec r(t) = [2cos(t), 2sin(t)]` for `0 <= t <= frac pi 2`.
+ a circle is `vec c(t) = \[rcos(t), rsin(t)]`, and the radial span of the first quadrant is from `0` to `frac pi 2`. Thus, `vec r(t) = \[2cos(t), 2sin(t)]` for `0 <= t <= frac pi 2`.
The density function here is convenient because it's just `r^2`, based on the pythagorean identity. If you substitute in `2cos(t)` for `x` and `2sin(t)` for y, you will get
`2^2 = 4`. Constant density is always nice! Finally, we need to find the element of integration. `vec r'(t) = \[-2sin(t), 2cos(t)]`, so `|r'|dt` = `sqrt(4sin^2(t) + 4cos^2(t))` -
`2 dt`. Thus, we have the integral `int_0^{frac pi 2} 8 dt`; this obviously works out to `4pi`.
diff --git a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.8.html b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.8.html
index 6fa4526..11b40ce 100644
--- a/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.8.html
+++ b/site/posts/multivariable-thomas-16.8.html
@@ -1,12 +1,40 @@
[!]
[=post-]
- Hello, everybody! This is the very last section in the Thomas textbook, and boy is it a doozy. We're finally applying divergence!
+ Hello, everybody! This is the very last section in the Thomas textbook, and it's (fortunately) not a very hard one. This section is on something called divergence theorem.
+
+
+ The critical idea behind divergence theorem can be summed up with this formula, where `S` is a closed smooth surface, `C` is the volume contained by it, and `F` is a differentiable vector field:
+ `int int_S F cdot n dA = int int_C int grad cdot F dV`. The flux of a vector field through a closed smooth surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of the vector field in
+ the volume contained by the surface.
+
+
+ This has obvious applications. In many cases, it's much easier to compute `grad cdot F` than `F cdot n`: finding a normal vector can be extremely difficult for complex surfaces.
+ It also means you don't have to worry about orientation, and in some cases you can greatly simplify the bounds of integration. Let's do an example!
+
+
+ Straight from the textbook, we have nice spherical one: find the flux of the vector field `F = \[x, y, z]` over the sphere `x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2`. Finding this the
+ conventional way is pretty easy, but I'll leave that as an exercise to the reader. This is very obviously a sphere with radius `a` centered at origin, so we set up
+ our substitution with `0 <= theta <= 2 pi`, `0 <= phi <= pi`, `0 <= rho <= a`, and `dV = rho^2 sin(phi)`. It's easy enough to find that `grad cdot F = 3`. Substituting
+ everything in gives us the integral `int_0^{2pi} int_0^{pi} int_0^a 3rho^2 sin(phi) d rho d phi d theta`. The inner integral is trivial - it works out to
+ `int_0^a 3 rho^2 sin(phi) d rho = a^3 sin(phi)`. This gives us an integral in `phi` of `int_0^{pi} a^3 sin(phi) d phi = |_0^{pi} -a^3 cos(phi) = 2a^3`.
+ Finally, because there is no `theta` term here, we just multiply by `2pi` to get `4pi a^3`.
+
+
+ This technique can also be used to make finding the flux in a nonsmooth surface much less terrible, if it can be reduced to smooth bounds. For instance:
+ to find the flux of `F(x, y, z) = \[cos^3(z), cos^3(z), z - e^{cos(x)sin(y)}]` through a cube described by the points `(0, 0, 0)` and `(1, 4, 9)`, we would normally have to calculate
+ the flux through each individual face, which would be absolutely terrible; but with divergence theorem, we can turn this into a much more manageable
+ triple integral over the volume `int_0^1 int_0^4 int_0^9 grad cdot F dz dy dx`. We're in the incredibly lucky position of having `grad cdot F = 1` - meaning
+ the flux is just the volume, `1 * 4 * 9 = 36`. If you don't believe that that was easier, I invite you to calculate `int e^{cos(x)sin(y)} dx`. It's not pleasant.
+
+
+ That's the end of the whole textbook - my copy, at least. See you in the summer with differential equations! Also keep a look-out in the physics section -
+ after finals, I'll be building railguns with the folks at Scrappy's Garage, and I'll definitely be posting the results
+ of our experimentation here. For the very last time (well, not really), au revoir, and good luck!
[/]
[=title "Multivariable Exam 3 Review: Thomas 16.8"]
[=author "Tyler Clarke"]
-[=date "2025-4-16"]
+[=date "2025-4-23"]
[=subject "Calculus"]
-[=unpub]
[#post.html]
\ No newline at end of file